Seroatlas · Human Serome Atlas

AR

Androgen receptor

Also known as: AIS, ANDR_HUMAN, DHTR, HUMARA, NR3C4, SBMA, SMAX1

Cross-references: UniProt · Ensembl · Human Protein Atlas · GeneCards · NCBI Gene

Protein identityUniProt · HPA

UniProt accession
P10275
Gene
AR
Ensembl
ENSG00000169083
Chromosome
X
Canonical length
920 aa
Protein class
Cancer-related genes, Disease related genes, FDA approved drug targets, Human disease related genes, Nuclear receptors, Plasma proteins, Predicted intracellular proteins, Transcription factors
Subcellular location
Cytosol
Quaternary structure
Homodimer

OverviewNCBI Gene

The androgen receptor gene is more than 90 kb long and codes for a protein that has 3 major functional domains: the N-terminal domain, DNA-binding domain, and androgen-binding domain. The protein functions as a steroid-hormone activated transcription factor. Upon binding the hormone ligand, the receptor dissociates from accessory proteins, translocates into the nucleus, dimerizes, and then stimulates transcription of androgen responsive genes. This gene contains 2 polymorphic trinucleotide repeat segments that encode polyglutamine and polyglycine tracts in the N-terminal transactivation domain of its protein. Expansion of the polyglutamine tract from the normal 9-34 repeats to the pathogenic 38-62 repeats causes spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA, also known as Kennedy's disease). Mutations in this gene are also associated with complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2017]

Canonical amino-acid sequenceUniProt

920 residues, UniProt reviewed canonical sequence.

>P10275|AR
     1  MEVQLGLGRV YPRPPSKTYR GAFQNLFQSV REVIQNPGPR HPEAASAAPP GASLLLLQQQ
    61  QQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQ ETSPRQQQQQ QGEDGSPQAH RRGPTGYLVL DEEQQPSQPQ
   121  SALECHPERG CVPEPGAAVA ASKGLPQQLP APPDEDDSAA PSTLSLLGPT FPGLSSCSAD
   181  LKDILSEAST MQLLQQQQQE AVSEGSSSGR AREASGAPTS SKDNYLGGTS TISDNAKELC
   241  KAVSVSMGLG VEALEHLSPG EQLRGDCMYA PLLGVPPAVR PTPCAPLAEC KGSLLDDSAG
   301  KSTEDTAEYS PFKGGYTKGL EGESLGCSGS AAAGSSGTLE LPSTLSLYKS GALDEAAAYQ
   361  SRDYYNFPLA LAGPPPPPPP PHPHARIKLE NPLDYGSAWA AAAAQCRYGD LASLHGAGAA
   421  GPGSGSPSAA ASSSWHTLFT AEEGQLYGPC GGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGG GGGEAGAVAP
   481  YGYTRPPQGL AGQESDFTAP DVWYPGGMVS RVPYPSPTCV KSEMGPWMDS YSGPYGDMRL
   541  ETARDHVLPI DYYFPPQKTC LICGDEASGC HYGALTCGSC KVFFKRAAEG KQKYLCASRN
   601  DCTIDKFRRK NCPSCRLRKC YEAGMTLGAR KLKKLGNLKL QEEGEASSTT SPTEETTQKL
   661  TVSHIEGYEC QPIFLNVLEA IEPGVVCAGH DNNQPDSFAA LLSSLNELGE RQLVHVVKWA
   721  KALPGFRNLH VDDQMAVIQY SWMGLMVFAM GWRSFTNVNS RMLYFAPDLV FNEYRMHKSR
   781  MYSQCVRMRH LSQEFGWLQI TPQEFLCMKA LLLFSIIPVD GLKNQKFFDE LRMNYIKELD
   841  RIIACKRKNP TSCSRRFYQL TKLLDSVQPI ARELHQFTFD LLIKSHMVSV DFPEMMAEII
   901  SVQVPKILSG KVKPIYFHTQ

LocalizationUniProt · AlphaFold · HPA

Whether an antibody against AR can act on the native protein depends on physical access: surface and secreted proteins are reachable by circulating antibodies, intracellular proteins usually are not.

Antibody reachability
Intracellular
Secreted
No
Transmembrane segments
0
Mean surface accessibility (rSASA)
0.54
Highest tissue expression
36 nTPM

Expression across tissuesHPA

Tissue

  • liver: 36 nTPM
  • cervix: 22 nTPM
  • fallopian tube: 20 nTPM
  • endometrium: 17 nTPM
  • seminal vesicle: 17 nTPM
  • prostate: 15 nTPM

Single-cell type

  • prostatic glandular cells: 919 nCPM
  • hepatocytes: 421 nCPM
  • sertoli cells: 284 nCPM
  • adipocytes: 241 nCPM
  • breast hormone-responsive cells: 234 nCPM
  • pituitary stem cells: 227 nCPM

Immune cell

  • basophil: 0 nTPM
  • classical monocyte: 0 nTPM
  • eosinophil: 0 nTPM
  • gdT-cell: 0 nTPM
  • intermediate monocyte: 0 nTPM
  • MAIT T-cell: 0 nTPM

Brain region

  • hypothalamus: 13 nTPM
  • medulla oblongata: 10 nTPM
  • midbrain: 8.4 nTPM
  • pons: 8.4 nTPM
  • spinal cord: 7.3 nTPM
  • white matter: 6.8 nTPM

DiseaseUniProt · ClinVar · IEDB · PubMed

Four sources answering four different questions about AR.

Disease | AllUniProt

Conditions AR is implicated in, by any mechanism.

  • Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) MIM:300068
  • Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy X-linked 1 (SMAX1) MIM:313200
  • Prostate cancer, hereditary, X-linked 3 (HPCX3) MIM:301120
  • Androgen insensitivity, partial (PAIS) MIM:312300
  • Hypospadias 1, X-linked (HYSP1) MIM:300633

Disease | GeneticClinVar

370 pathogenic / likely-pathogenic of 1,064 ClinVar records.

Conditions with pathogenic or likely-pathogenic variants.

Disease | ImmuneIEDB

Conditions an epitope on AR was assayed in.

ReferencesPubMed · IEDB

Publications for AR from three distinct lines of evidence, kept separate because they answer different questions: whether antibodies are directed at the protein, whether a B-cell epitope has been mapped on it, and whether a T-cell epitope has. Each is labelled with its source.

Reference: AutoantibodyPubMed

2 publications

Reference: T cellIEDB

2 publications

Sources: PubMed — antigen-level antibody evidence from a custom retrieval. Records matching a controlled set of autoantibody terms (the MeSH descriptors Autoantibodies and Autoantigens, with title and abstract term variants) were obtained through NCBI E-utilities, and their titles and abstracts parsed for constructions that direct an antibody at a named protein rather than for co-occurrence. Captured names were resolved against UniProt nomenclature and each antigen adjudicated individually against the source text. IEDB — curated epitope assays from the Immune Epitope Database (Vita et al., Nucleic Acids Research 2019). Bibliographic records from PubMed and MeSH, U.S. National Library of Medicine; citation metrics from NIH iCite (Hutchins et al., PLoS Biology 2016). Titles link to PubMed; abstracts are not reproduced here. The NLM does not endorse this analysis.

Genetic constraint and essentialitygnomAD · DepMap

Does the body need this protein intact? Low LOEUF or a strong DepMap dependency means loss or blockade of the protein is likely to be felt.

gnomAD LOEUF (loss-of-function intolerance)
0.29
gnomAD pLI
0.99
gnomAD missense Z
1.23
DepMap mean gene effect
0.17
DepMap dependency class
selective

Cancer expressionTCGA

Across TCGA tumor cohorts, this protein is over-expressed in roughly 4% of surveyed tumor types (aggregate summary; per-cohort expression, alteration, and survival load in the interactive view).

OntologyGO

Biological processes

Molecular functions

Cellular components

Protein domainsUniProt · Pfam · InterPro

KeywordsUniProt

InteractionsUniProt · HPA

Protein binding partners of AR in the human serome: UniProt-annotated complex subunits plus reported interactors. Each links to its own Seroatlas record.

Antibody and autoantibody relevanceSeroatlas analysis

Seroatlas reads AR as an antibody target. Whether an autoantibody or antibody against AR could matter depends on whether native AR is physically reachable, whether the body needs it intact, and whether it acts in a disease-relevant tissue.

AR is annotated as predominantly intracellular. Intracellular proteins are common autoantibody markers, becoming visible to the immune system after cell injury or altered processing, but are usually markers of disease rather than direct drivers.

Annotation status

The present source text does not explicitly label AR as an autoantigen. Seroatlas presents hypothesis context only and does not manufacture a known-serology claim.

Canonical record: https://seroatlas.com/gene/AR. Study-independent annotations aggregated from UniProt, Human Protein Atlas, PubMed, IEDB, Pfam, InterPro, Gene Ontology, AlphaFold, gnomAD, DepMap, ClinVar, TCGA. Catalog release seroatlas-reviewed-human-uniprot-20260313.

Seroatlas is the reference for exploring autoantibody and antibody serology at the human-protein level: the autoreactome and human serome, multiplex serology (HuProt, HuScan, VirScan, PhIP-Seq).

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