Transforming growth factor-beta-like
IPR015615
Definition
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily comprises a number of structurally related, secreted polypeptides that regulate a multitude of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, cell invasion, immune regulation, and neoplastic transformation [[cite:PMID:15032667], [cite:PMID:29109152]]. Family members include the activins/inhibins, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), and TGF-betas [[cite:PMID:29109152], [cite:PMID:15180456]]. These growth regulatory molecules induce ligand-mediated hetero-oligomerisation of distinct type II and type I serine/threonine kinase receptors that transmit signals predominantly through receptor-activated Smad proteins PMID:30696809, but also induce Smad-independent pathways. TGF-beta-1 is a peptide of 112 amino acid residues derived by proteolytic cleavage from the C-terminal of a precursor protein PMID:8679613. Proteins from the TGF-beta family are only active as homo- or heterodimers, with the two chains linked by a single disulphide bond [[cite:PMID:1575734], [cite:PMID:8199356], [cite:PMID:24086041]]. The remaining cysteines are involved in intrachain disulphide bonds: TGF-beta and inhibin beta chains contain four such bonds, while other family members lack the first bond PMID:1631557. TGF-beta exerts tumour-suppressive effects but also modulates cell invasion and immune regulation PMID:18662538. Misregulation of the TGF-beta signalling pathway can result in tumour development.
32 human proteins with this domain
Each is a reviewed human protein in the Seroatlas serome and a potential autoantibody target; this domain groups them into one antibody-relevant category. Every entry links to its own record.
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