Seroatlas · Human Serome Atlas

GAPDH

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Also known as: G3P_HUMAN, GAPD

Cross-references: UniProt · Ensembl · Human Protein Atlas · GeneCards · NCBI Gene

Protein identityUniProt · HPA

UniProt accession
P04406
Gene
GAPDH
Ensembl
ENSG00000111640
Chromosome
12
Canonical length
335 aa
Protein class
Enzymes, FDA approved drug targets, Metabolic proteins, Plasma proteins, Predicted intracellular proteins
Subcellular location
Nuclear membrane,Vesicles,Plasma membrane,Cytosol
Quaternary structure
Homotetramer

OverviewNCBI Gene

This gene encodes a member of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. The product of this gene catalyzes an important energy-yielding step in carbohydrate metabolism, the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of inorganic phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The encoded protein has additionally been identified to have uracil DNA glycosylase activity in the nucleus. Also, this protein contains a peptide that has antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. Studies of a similar protein in mouse have assigned a variety of additional functions including nitrosylation of nuclear proteins, the regulation of mRNA stability, and acting as a transferrin receptor on the cell surface of macrophage. Many pseudogenes similar to this locus are present in the human genome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

Canonical amino-acid sequenceUniProt

335 residues, UniProt reviewed canonical sequence.

>P04406|GAPDH
     1  MGKVKVGVNG FGRIGRLVTR AAFNSGKVDI VAINDPFIDL NYMVYMFQYD STHGKFHGTV
    61  KAENGKLVIN GNPITIFQER DPSKIKWGDA GAEYVVESTG VFTTMEKAGA HLQGGAKRVI
   121  ISAPSADAPM FVMGVNHEKY DNSLKIISNA SCTTNCLAPL AKVIHDNFGI VEGLMTTVHA
   181  ITATQKTVDG PSGKLWRDGR GALQNIIPAS TGAAKAVGKV IPELNGKLTG MAFRVPTANV
   241  SVVDLTCRLE KPAKYDDIKK VVKQASEGPL KGILGYTEHQ VVSSDFNSDT HSSTFDAGAG
   301  IALNDHFVKL ISWYDNEFGY SNRVVDLMAH MASKE

LocalizationUniProt · AlphaFold · HPA

Whether an antibody against GAPDH can act on the native protein depends on physical access: surface and secreted proteins are reachable by circulating antibodies, intracellular proteins usually are not.

Antibody reachability
Intracellular
Secreted
No
Transmembrane segments
0
Mean surface accessibility (rSASA)
0.24
Highest tissue expression
25,843 nTPM

Expression across tissuesHPA

Tissue

  • skeletal muscle: 25,843 nTPM
  • tongue: 17,635 nTPM
  • heart muscle: 5,081 nTPM
  • bone marrow: 4,349 nTPM
  • choroid plexus: 3,529 nTPM
  • midbrain: 3,176 nTPM

Single-cell type

  • esophageal apical cells: 15,050 nCPM
  • extravillous trophoblasts: 13,578 nCPM
  • esophageal suprabasal cells: 9,710 nCPM
  • esophageal basal cells: 8,938 nCPM
  • migrating cytotrophoblasts: 8,316 nCPM
  • syncytiotrophoblasts: 5,108 nCPM

Immune cell

  • total PBMC: 6,810 nTPM
  • classical monocyte: 4,299 nTPM
  • myeloid DC: 3,258 nTPM
  • basophil: 2,588 nTPM
  • T-reg: 2,132 nTPM
  • intermediate monocyte: 2,013 nTPM

Brain region

  • thalamus: 2,646 nTPM
  • hypothalamus: 2,372 nTPM
  • midbrain: 2,353 nTPM
  • cerebellum: 2,340 nTPM
  • medulla oblongata: 2,312 nTPM
  • pons: 2,289 nTPM

DiseaseUniProt · ClinVar · IEDB · PubMed

Four sources answering four different questions about GAPDH.

Disease | ImmuneIEDB

Conditions an epitope on GAPDH was assayed in.

Disease | AutoantibodyPubMed

Conditions in which antibodies against GAPDH are reported. Each links to that disease's full target list.

ReferencesPubMed · IEDB

Publications for GAPDH from three distinct lines of evidence, kept separate because they answer different questions: whether antibodies are directed at the protein, whether a B-cell epitope has been mapped on it, and whether a T-cell epitope has. Each is labelled with its source.

Reference: AutoantibodyPubMed

9 publications

Show 4 more

Reference: B cellIEDB

4 publications

Sources: PubMed — antigen-level antibody evidence from a custom retrieval. Records matching a controlled set of autoantibody terms (the MeSH descriptors Autoantibodies and Autoantigens, with title and abstract term variants) were obtained through NCBI E-utilities, and their titles and abstracts parsed for constructions that direct an antibody at a named protein rather than for co-occurrence. Captured names were resolved against UniProt nomenclature and each antigen adjudicated individually against the source text. IEDB — curated epitope assays from the Immune Epitope Database (Vita et al., Nucleic Acids Research 2019). Bibliographic records from PubMed and MeSH, U.S. National Library of Medicine; citation metrics from NIH iCite (Hutchins et al., PLoS Biology 2016). Titles link to PubMed; abstracts are not reproduced here. The NLM does not endorse this analysis.

Genetic constraint and essentialitygnomAD · DepMap

Does the body need this protein intact? Low LOEUF or a strong DepMap dependency means loss or blockade of the protein is likely to be felt.

gnomAD LOEUF (loss-of-function intolerance)
0.67
gnomAD pLI
0.11
gnomAD missense Z
1.81
DepMap mean gene effect
-1.29
DepMap dependency class
common

Cancer expressionTCGA

Across TCGA tumor cohorts, this protein is over-expressed in roughly 7% of surveyed tumor types (aggregate summary; per-cohort expression, alteration, and survival load in the interactive view).

OntologyGO

Biological processes

Molecular functions

Cellular components

Protein domainsUniProt · Pfam · InterPro

KeywordsUniProt

InteractionsUniProt · HPA

Protein binding partners of GAPDH in the human serome: UniProt-annotated complex subunits plus reported interactors. Each links to its own Seroatlas record.

Antibody and autoantibody relevanceSeroatlas analysis

Seroatlas reads GAPDH as an antibody target. Whether an autoantibody or antibody against GAPDH could matter depends on whether native GAPDH is physically reachable, whether the body needs it intact, and whether it acts in a disease-relevant tissue.

GAPDH is annotated as predominantly intracellular. Intracellular proteins are common autoantibody markers, becoming visible to the immune system after cell injury or altered processing, but are usually markers of disease rather than direct drivers.

Annotation status

The present source text does not explicitly label GAPDH as an autoantigen. Seroatlas presents hypothesis context only and does not manufacture a known-serology claim.

Canonical record: https://seroatlas.com/gene/GAPDH. Study-independent annotations aggregated from UniProt, Human Protein Atlas, PubMed, IEDB, Pfam, InterPro, Gene Ontology, AlphaFold, gnomAD, DepMap, ClinVar, TCGA. Catalog release seroatlas-reviewed-human-uniprot-20260313.

Seroatlas is the reference for exploring autoantibody and antibody serology at the human-protein level: the autoreactome and human serome, multiplex serology (HuProt, HuScan, VirScan, PhIP-Seq).

© 2026 · Seroatlas, Discover Oregon LLC · Terms of use

Loading the interactive Seroatlas protein explorer...