Seroatlas · Human Serome Atlas

F2

Prothrombin

Also known as: THRB_HUMAN

Cross-references: UniProt · Ensembl · Human Protein Atlas · GeneCards · NCBI Gene

Protein identityUniProt · HPA

UniProt accession
P00734
Gene
F2
Ensembl
ENSG00000180210
Chromosome
11
Canonical length
622 aa
Protein class
Cancer-related genes, Candidate cardiovascular disease genes, Disease related genes, Enzymes, FDA approved drug targets, Human disease related genes, Metabolic proteins, Plasma proteins, Predicted intracellular proteins, Predicted secreted proteins
Secretome location
Secreted to blood

OverviewNCBI Gene

This gene encodes the prothrombin protein (also known as coagulation factor II). This protein is proteolytically cleaved in multiple steps to form the activated serine protease thrombin. The activated thrombin enzyme plays an important role in thrombosis and hemostasis by converting fibrinogen to fibrin during blood clot formation, by stimulating platelet aggregation, and by activating additional coagulation factors. Thrombin also plays a role in cell proliferation, tissue repair, and angiogenesis as well as maintaining vascular integrity during development and postnatal life. Peptides derived from the C-terminus of this protein have antimicrobial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Mutations in this gene lead to various forms of thrombosis and dysprothrombinemia. Rapid increases in cytokine levels following coronavirus infections can dysregulate the coagulation cascade and produce thrombosis, compromised blood supply, and organ failure. [provided by RefSeq, May 2020]

Canonical amino-acid sequenceUniProt

622 residues, UniProt reviewed canonical sequence.

>P00734|F2
     1  MAHVRGLQLP GCLALAALCS LVHSQHVFLA PQQARSLLQR VRRANTFLEE VRKGNLEREC
    61  VEETCSYEEA FEALESSTAT DVFWAKYTAC ETARTPRDKL AACLEGNCAE GLGTNYRGHV
   121  NITRSGIECQ LWRSRYPHKP EINSTTHPGA DLQENFCRNP DSSTTGPWCY TTDPTVRRQE
   181  CSIPVCGQDQ VTVAMTPRSE GSSVNLSPPL EQCVPDRGQQ YQGRLAVTTH GLPCLAWASA
   241  QAKALSKHQD FNSAVQLVEN FCRNPDGDEE GVWCYVAGKP GDFGYCDLNY CEEAVEEETG
   301  DGLDEDSDRA IEGRTATSEY QTFFNPRTFG SGEADCGLRP LFEKKSLEDK TERELLESYI
   361  DGRIVEGSDA EIGMSPWQVM LFRKSPQELL CGASLISDRW VLTAAHCLLY PPWDKNFTEN
   421  DLLVRIGKHS RTRYERNIEK ISMLEKIYIH PRYNWRENLD RDIALMKLKK PVAFSDYIHP
   481  VCLPDRETAA SLLQAGYKGR VTGWGNLKET WTANVGKGQP SVLQVVNLPI VERPVCKDST
   541  RIRITDNMFC AGYKPDEGKR GDACEGDSGG PFVMKSPFNN RWYQMGIVSW GEGCDRDGKY
   601  GFYTHVFRLK KWIQKVIDQF GE

LocalizationUniProt · AlphaFold · HPA

Whether an antibody against F2 can act on the native protein depends on physical access: surface and secreted proteins are reachable by circulating antibodies, intracellular proteins usually are not.

Antibody reachability
Secreted
Secreted
Yes
Transmembrane segments
0
Mean surface accessibility (rSASA)
0.29
Highest tissue expression
1,138 nTPM

Expression across tissuesHPA

Tissue

  • liver: 1,138 nTPM
  • cerebellum: 0.9 nTPM
  • ovary: 0.5 nTPM
  • spleen: 0.5 nTPM
  • testis: 0.5 nTPM
  • blood vessel: 0.3 nTPM

Single-cell type

  • hepatocytes: 1,119 nCPM
  • oocytes: 147 nCPM
  • hepatic stellate cells: 19 nCPM
  • kupffer cells: 18 nCPM
  • cholangiocytes: 18 nCPM
  • endometrial glandular cells: 6.1 nCPM

Immune cell

  • basophil: 0 nTPM
  • classical monocyte: 0 nTPM
  • eosinophil: 0 nTPM
  • gdT-cell: 0 nTPM
  • intermediate monocyte: 0 nTPM
  • MAIT T-cell: 0 nTPM

Brain region

  • cerebellum: 1.4 nTPM
  • cerebral cortex: 0.4 nTPM
  • hypothalamus: 0.4 nTPM
  • white matter: 0.4 nTPM
  • basal ganglia: 0.3 nTPM
  • medulla oblongata: 0.3 nTPM

DiseaseUniProt · ClinVar · IEDB · PubMed

Four sources answering four different questions about F2.

Disease | AllUniProt

Conditions F2 is implicated in, by any mechanism.

Disease | GeneticClinVar

40 pathogenic / likely-pathogenic of 470 ClinVar records.

Conditions with pathogenic or likely-pathogenic variants.

Disease | ImmuneIEDB

Conditions an epitope on F2 was assayed in.

Disease | AutoantibodyPubMed

Conditions in which antibodies against F2 are reported. Each links to that disease's full target list.

Showing 14 of 22 — disease pages carrying at least 10 antigens.

ReferencesPubMed · IEDB

Publications for F2 from three distinct lines of evidence, kept separate because they answer different questions: whether antibodies are directed at the protein, whether a B-cell epitope has been mapped on it, and whether a T-cell epitope has. Each is labelled with its source.

Reference: AutoantibodyPubMed

293 publications

Show 20 more of 293 total

Reference: B cellIEDB

1 publication

Sources: PubMed — antigen-level antibody evidence from a custom retrieval. Records matching a controlled set of autoantibody terms (the MeSH descriptors Autoantibodies and Autoantigens, with title and abstract term variants) were obtained through NCBI E-utilities, and their titles and abstracts parsed for constructions that direct an antibody at a named protein rather than for co-occurrence. Captured names were resolved against UniProt nomenclature and each antigen adjudicated individually against the source text. IEDB — curated epitope assays from the Immune Epitope Database (Vita et al., Nucleic Acids Research 2019). Bibliographic records from PubMed and MeSH, U.S. National Library of Medicine; citation metrics from NIH iCite (Hutchins et al., PLoS Biology 2016). Titles link to PubMed; abstracts are not reproduced here. The NLM does not endorse this analysis.

Genetic constraint and essentialitygnomAD · DepMap

Does the body need this protein intact? Low LOEUF or a strong DepMap dependency means loss or blockade of the protein is likely to be felt.

gnomAD LOEUF (loss-of-function intolerance)
0.54
gnomAD pLI
0
gnomAD missense Z
2.11
DepMap mean gene effect
-0.17
DepMap dependency class
selective

Cancer expressionTCGA

Across TCGA tumor cohorts, this protein is over-expressed in roughly 2% of surveyed tumor types (aggregate summary; per-cohort expression, alteration, and survival load in the interactive view).

OntologyGO

Biological processes

Molecular functions

Cellular components

Protein domainsUniProt · Pfam · InterPro

KeywordsUniProt

Antibody and autoantibody relevanceSeroatlas analysis

Seroatlas reads F2 as an antibody target. Whether an autoantibody or antibody against F2 could matter depends on whether native F2 is physically reachable, whether the body needs it intact, and whether it acts in a disease-relevant tissue.

F2 is annotated as secreted, so native F2 circulates and is directly accessible to antibodies. Secreted and cell-surface proteins are the autoantibody targets most likely to act like drugs, blocking or depleting the native protein.

Annotation status

The present source text does not explicitly label F2 as an autoantigen. Seroatlas presents hypothesis context only and does not manufacture a known-serology claim.

Canonical record: https://seroatlas.com/gene/F2. Study-independent annotations aggregated from UniProt, Human Protein Atlas, PubMed, IEDB, Pfam, InterPro, Gene Ontology, AlphaFold, gnomAD, DepMap, ClinVar, TCGA. Catalog release seroatlas-reviewed-human-uniprot-20260313.

Seroatlas is the reference for exploring autoantibody and antibody serology at the human-protein level: the autoreactome and human serome, multiplex serology (HuProt, HuScan, VirScan, PhIP-Seq).

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