Seroatlas · Human Serome Atlas

TXNRD1

Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic

Also known as: GRIM-12, Trxr1, TRXR1_HUMAN, TXNR

Cross-references: UniProt · Ensembl · Human Protein Atlas · GeneCards · NCBI Gene

Protein identityUniProt · HPA

UniProt accession: Q16881
Gene: TXNRD1
Ensembl: ENSG00000198431
Chromosome: 12
Canonical length: 649 aa
Protein class: Cancer-related genes, Enzymes, FDA approved drug targets, Metabolic proteins, Plasma proteins, Predicted intracellular proteins
Subcellular location: Nucleoplasm
Quaternary structure: Homodimer

OverviewNCBI Gene

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family, and is a member of the thioredoxin (Trx) system. Three thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) isozymes are found in mammals. TrxRs are selenocysteine-containing flavoenzymes, which reduce thioredoxins, as well as other substrates, and play a key role in redox homoeostasis. This gene encodes an ubiquitously expressed, cytosolic form of TrxR, which functions as a homodimer containing FAD, and selenocysteine (Sec) at the active site. Sec is encoded by UGA codon that normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTRs of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a conserved stem-loop structure, the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS) element, which is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal. Alternative splicing, primarily at the 5' end, results in transcript variants encoding same or different isoforms, including a glutaredoxin-containing isoform that is predominantly expressed in testis. [provided by RefSeq, May 2017]

Canonical amino-acid sequenceUniProt

649 residues, UniProt reviewed canonical sequence.

>Q16881|TXNRD1
     1  MGCAEGKAVA AAAPTELQTK GKNGDGRRRS AKDHHPGKTL PENPAGFTST ATADSRALLQ
    61  AYIDGHSVVI FSRSTCTRCT EVKKLFKSLC VPYFVLELDQ TEDGRALEGT LSELAAETDL
   121  PVVFVKQRKI GGHGPTLKAY QEGRLQKLLK MNGPEDLPKS YDYDLIIIGG GSGGLAAAKE
   181  AAQYGKKVMV LDFVTPTPLG TRWGLGGTCV NVGCIPKKLM HQAALLGQAL QDSRNYGWKV
   241  EETVKHDWDR MIEAVQNHIG SLNWGYRVAL REKKVVYENA YGQFIGPHRI KATNNKGKEK
   301  IYSAERFLIA TGERPRYLGI PGDKEYCISS DDLFSLPYCP GKTLVVGASY VALECAGFLA
   361  GIGLDVTVMV RSILLRGFDQ DMANKIGEHM EEHGIKFIRQ FVPIKVEQIE AGTPGRLRVV
   421  AQSTNSEEII EGEYNTVMLA IGRDACTRKI GLETVGVKIN EKTGKIPVTD EEQTNVPYIY
   481  AIGDILEDKV ELTPVAIQAG RLLAQRLYAG STVKCDYENV PTTVFTPLEY GACGLSEEKA
   541  VEKFGEENIE VYHSYFWPLE WTIPSRDNNK CYAKIICNTK DNERVVGFHV LGPNAGEVTQ
   601  GFAAALKCGL TKKQLDSTIG IHPVCAEVFT TLSVTKRSGA SILQAGCUG

LocalizationUniProt · AlphaFold · HPA

Whether an antibody against TXNRD1 can act on the native protein depends on physical access: surface and secreted proteins are reachable by circulating antibodies, intracellular proteins usually are not.

Antibody reachability: Intracellular
Secreted: No
Transmembrane segments: 0
Mean surface accessibility (rSASA): 0
Highest tissue expression: 138 nTPM

Expression across tissuesHPA

Tissue

adrenal gland: 138 nTPM
urinary bladder: 130 nTPM
blood vessel: 83 nTPM
skeletal muscle: 63 nTPM
heart muscle: 62 nTPM
tongue: 60 nTPM

Single-cell type

ocular epithelial cells: 923 nCPM
epididymal basal cells: 806 nCPM
gastric chief cells: 699 nCPM
foveolar cells: 572 nCPM
epididymal clear cells: 553 nCPM
neutrophils: 550 nCPM

Immune cell

basophil: 110 nTPM
neutrophil: 103 nTPM
eosinophil: 70 nTPM
non-classical monocyte: 49 nTPM
myeloid DC: 40 nTPM
intermediate monocyte: 39 nTPM

Brain region

medulla oblongata: 102 nTPM
choroid plexus: 68 nTPM
pons: 60 nTPM
hypothalamus: 53 nTPM
midbrain: 45 nTPM
white matter: 44 nTPM

Genetic constraint and essentialitygnomAD · DepMap

Does the body need this protein intact? Low LOEUF or a strong DepMap dependency means loss or blockade of the protein is likely to be felt.

gnomAD LOEUF (loss-of-function intolerance): 0.72
gnomAD pLI: 0
gnomAD missense Z: 1.32
DepMap mean gene effect: -0.47
DepMap dependency class: selective

Cancer expressionTCGA

Across TCGA tumor cohorts, this protein is over-expressed in roughly 5% of surveyed tumor types (aggregate summary; per-cohort expression, alteration, and survival load in the interactive view).

OntologyGO

Biological processes

Molecular functions

FAD binding
identical protein binding
thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) activity
NADPH peroxidase activity

Cellular components

Protein domainsUniProt · Pfam · InterPro

KeywordsUniProt

InteractionsUniProt · HPA

Protein binding partners of TXNRD1 in the human serome: UniProt-annotated complex subunits plus reported interactors. Each links to its own Seroatlas record.

Antibody and autoantibody relevanceSeroatlas analysis

Seroatlas reads TXNRD1 as an antibody target. Whether an autoantibody or antibody against TXNRD1 could matter depends on whether native TXNRD1 is physically reachable, whether the body needs it intact, and whether it acts in a disease-relevant tissue.

TXNRD1 is annotated as predominantly intracellular. Intracellular proteins are common autoantibody markers, becoming visible to the immune system after cell injury or altered processing, but are usually markers of disease rather than direct drivers.

Annotation status

The present source text does not explicitly label TXNRD1 as an autoantigen. Seroatlas presents hypothesis context only and does not manufacture a known-serology claim.

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