Seroatlas · Human Serome Atlas

CSF2

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Also known as: CSF2_HUMAN, GM-CSF, GMCSF

Cross-references: UniProt · Ensembl · Human Protein Atlas · GeneCards · NCBI Gene

Protein identityUniProt · HPA

UniProt accession
P04141
Gene
CSF2
Ensembl
ENSG00000164400
Chromosome
5
Canonical length
144 aa
Protein class
Cancer-related genes, Predicted secreted proteins
Subcellular location
Vesicles
Secretome location
Secreted to blood

OverviewNCBI Gene

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes and macrophages. The active form of the protein is found extracellularly as a homodimer. This gene has been localized to a cluster of related genes at chromosome region 5q31, which is known to be associated with interstitial deletions in the 5q- syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. Other genes in the cluster include those encoding interleukins 4, 5, and 13. This gene plays a role in promoting tissue inflammation. Elevated levels of cytokines, including the one produced by this gene, have been detected in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients that develop acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mice deficient in this gene or its receptor develop pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2020]

Canonical amino-acid sequenceUniProt

144 residues, UniProt reviewed canonical sequence.

>P04141|CSF2
     1  MWLQSLLLLG TVACSISAPA RSPSPSTQPW EHVNAIQEAR RLLNLSRDTA AEMNETVEVI
    61  SEMFDLQEPT CLQTRLELYK QGLRGSLTKL KGPLTMMASH YKQHCPPTPE TSCATQIITF
   121  ESFKENLKDF LLVIPFDCWE PVQE

LocalizationUniProt · AlphaFold · HPA

Whether an antibody against CSF2 can act on the native protein depends on physical access: surface and secreted proteins are reachable by circulating antibodies, intracellular proteins usually are not.

Antibody reachability
Secreted
Secreted
Yes
Transmembrane segments
0
Mean surface accessibility (rSASA)
0.39
Highest tissue expression
1.9 nTPM

Expression across tissuesHPA

Tissue

  • lung: 1.9 nTPM
  • urinary bladder: 0.6 nTPM
  • bone marrow: 0.4 nTPM
  • pancreas: 0.4 nTPM
  • gallbladder: 0.3 nTPM
  • appendix: 0.2 nTPM

Single-cell type

  • innate lymphoid cells: 59 nCPM
  • t-cells: 18 nCPM
  • alveolar cells type 2: 15 nCPM
  • mast cells: 14 nCPM
  • nk-cells: 8.1 nCPM
  • endometrial secretory cells: 3.6 nCPM

Immune cell

  • NK-cell: 6.3 nTPM
  • memory CD8 T-cell: 0.5 nTPM
  • memory CD4 T-cell: 0.2 nTPM
  • basophil: 0 nTPM
  • classical monocyte: 0 nTPM
  • eosinophil: 0 nTPM

Brain region

  • hippocampal formation: 0.6 nTPM
  • amygdala: 0.5 nTPM
  • cerebral cortex: 0.5 nTPM
  • medulla oblongata: 0.5 nTPM
  • white matter: 0.5 nTPM
  • basal ganglia: 0.3 nTPM

DiseaseUniProt · ClinVar · IEDB · PubMed

Four sources answering four different questions about CSF2.

Disease | AutoantibodyPubMed

Conditions in which antibodies against CSF2 are reported. Each links to that disease's full target list.

Showing 5 of 8 — disease pages carrying at least 10 antigens.

ReferencesPubMed · IEDB

Publications for CSF2 from three distinct lines of evidence, kept separate because they answer different questions: whether antibodies are directed at the protein, whether a B-cell epitope has been mapped on it, and whether a T-cell epitope has. Each is labelled with its source.

Reference: AutoantibodyPubMed

183 publications

Show 20 more of 183 total

Sources: PubMed — antigen-level antibody evidence from a custom retrieval. Records matching a controlled set of autoantibody terms (the MeSH descriptors Autoantibodies and Autoantigens, with title and abstract term variants) were obtained through NCBI E-utilities, and their titles and abstracts parsed for constructions that direct an antibody at a named protein rather than for co-occurrence. Captured names were resolved against UniProt nomenclature and each antigen adjudicated individually against the source text. Bibliographic records from PubMed and MeSH, U.S. National Library of Medicine; citation metrics from NIH iCite (Hutchins et al., PLoS Biology 2016). Titles link to PubMed; abstracts are not reproduced here. The NLM does not endorse this analysis.

Genetic constraint and essentialitygnomAD · DepMap

Does the body need this protein intact? Low LOEUF or a strong DepMap dependency means loss or blockade of the protein is likely to be felt.

gnomAD LOEUF (loss-of-function intolerance)
0.51
gnomAD pLI
0.83
gnomAD missense Z
0.38
DepMap mean gene effect
-0.04
DepMap dependency class
none

Cancer expressionTCGA

Across TCGA tumor cohorts, this protein is over-expressed in roughly 2% of surveyed tumor types (aggregate summary; per-cohort expression, alteration, and survival load in the interactive view).

OntologyGO

Biological processes

Molecular functions

Cellular components

Protein domainsUniProt · Pfam · InterPro

KeywordsUniProt

Antibody and autoantibody relevanceSeroatlas analysis

Seroatlas reads CSF2 as an antibody target. Whether an autoantibody or antibody against CSF2 could matter depends on whether native CSF2 is physically reachable, whether the body needs it intact, and whether it acts in a disease-relevant tissue.

CSF2 is annotated as secreted, so native CSF2 circulates and is directly accessible to antibodies. Secreted and cell-surface proteins are the autoantibody targets most likely to act like drugs, blocking or depleting the native protein.

Annotation status

The present source text does not explicitly label CSF2 as an autoantigen. Seroatlas presents hypothesis context only and does not manufacture a known-serology claim.

Canonical record: https://seroatlas.com/gene/CSF2. Study-independent annotations aggregated from UniProt, Human Protein Atlas, PubMed, IEDB, Pfam, InterPro, Gene Ontology, AlphaFold, gnomAD, DepMap, ClinVar, TCGA. Catalog release seroatlas-reviewed-human-uniprot-20260313.

Seroatlas is the reference for exploring autoantibody and antibody serology at the human-protein level: the autoreactome and human serome, multiplex serology (HuProt, HuScan, VirScan, PhIP-Seq).

© 2026 · Seroatlas, Discover Oregon LLC · Terms of use

Loading the interactive Seroatlas protein explorer...