APELA
Apelin receptor early endogenous ligand
Also known as: ELA, ELA_HUMAN, Ende, tdl
Cross-references: UniProt · Ensembl · Human Protein Atlas · GeneCards · NCBI Gene
Protein identityUniProt · HPA
- UniProt accession
- P0DMC3
- Gene
- APELA
- Ensembl
- ENSG00000248329
- Chromosome
- 4
- Canonical length
- 54 aa
- Protein class
- Predicted secreted proteins
- Secretome location
- Secreted in other tissues
OverviewNCBI Gene
This gene encodes a peptide hormone that binds to the Apelin receptor. The encoded protein is required for heart development in zebrafish and has been shown to maintain self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Experiments in human and mouse cell lines point to additional roles for the encoded protein in angiogenesis and regulation of vascular tone. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]
Canonical amino-acid sequenceUniProt
54 residues, UniProt reviewed canonical sequence.
>P0DMC3|APELA
1 MRFQQFLFAF FIFIMSLLLI SGQRPVNLTM RRKLRKHNCL QRRCMPLHSR VPFPLocalizationUniProt · AlphaFold · HPA
Whether an antibody against APELA can act on the native protein depends on physical access: surface and secreted proteins are reachable by circulating antibodies, intracellular proteins usually are not.
- Antibody reachability
- Secreted
- Secreted
- Yes
- Transmembrane segments
- 0
- Mean surface accessibility (rSASA)
- 0.59
- Highest tissue expression
- 4 nTPM
Expression across tissuesHPA
Tissue
- prostate: 4 nTPM
- kidney: 2 nTPM
- breast: 1.4 nTPM
- skin: 1 nTPM
- smooth muscle: 0.7 nTPM
- placenta: 0.5 nTPM
Single-cell type
- syncytiotrophoblasts: 41 nCPM
- cytotrophoblasts: 39 nCPM
- migrating cytotrophoblasts: 26 nCPM
- breast hormone-responsive cells: 13 nCPM
- respiratory ionocytes: 10 nCPM
- prostatic glandular cells: 9.4 nCPM
Immune cell
- basophil: 0.1 nTPM
- eosinophil: 0.1 nTPM
- naive B-cell: 0.1 nTPM
- neutrophil: 0.1 nTPM
- plasmacytoid DC: 0.1 nTPM
- classical monocyte: 0 nTPM
Brain region
- white matter: 2.5 nTPM
- cerebellum: 2.2 nTPM
- cerebral cortex: 2.2 nTPM
- pons: 1.9 nTPM
- amygdala: 1.8 nTPM
- basal ganglia: 1.8 nTPM
OntologyGO
Biological processes
- adult heart development
- angiogenesis
- apelin receptor signaling pathway
- cell migration involved in mesendoderm migration
- coronary vasculature development
- embryonic heart tube development
- endoderm development
- G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
- heart development
- mesoderm migration involved in gastrulation
- placenta blood vessel development
- positive regulation of angiogenesis
- positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis
- positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
- positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization
- positive regulation of heart contraction
- positive regulation of trophoblast cell migration
- vasculogenesis
- mesendoderm migration
Molecular functions
Cellular components
Protein domainsUniProt · Pfam · InterPro
- Apelin receptor early endogenous ligand
- Apelin receptor early endogenous ligand
KeywordsUniProt
InteractionsUniProt · HPA
Protein binding partners of APELA in the human serome: UniProt-annotated complex subunits plus reported interactors. Each links to its own Seroatlas record.
Antibody and autoantibody relevanceSeroatlas analysis
Seroatlas reads APELA as an antibody target. Whether an autoantibody or antibody against APELA could matter depends on whether native APELA is physically reachable, whether the body needs it intact, and whether it acts in a disease-relevant tissue.
APELA is annotated as secreted, so native APELA circulates and is directly accessible to antibodies. Secreted and cell-surface proteins are the autoantibody targets most likely to act like drugs, blocking or depleting the native protein.
Annotation status
The present source text does not explicitly label APELA as an autoantigen. Seroatlas presents hypothesis context only and does not manufacture a known-serology claim.
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