ALB

Protein identityUniProt · HPA

UniProt accession

P02768

Gene

ALB

Ensembl

ENSG00000163631

Chromosome

4

Canonical length

609 aa

Protein class

Cancer-related genes, Candidate cardiovascular disease genes, Disease related genes, FDA approved drug targets, Metabolic proteins, Plasma proteins, Predicted intracellular proteins, Predicted secreted proteins

Subcellular location

Endoplasmic reticulum,Golgi apparatus

Secretome location

Secreted to blood

OverviewNCBI Gene

This gene encodes the most abundant protein in human blood. This protein functions in the regulation of blood plasma colloid osmotic pressure and acts as a carrier protein for a wide range of endogenous molecules including hormones, fatty acids, and metabolites, as well as exogenous drugs. Additionally, this protein exhibits an esterase-like activity with broad substrate specificity. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protein. A peptide derived from this protein, EPI-X4, is an endogenous inhibitor of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]

Canonical amino-acid sequenceUniProt

609 residues, UniProt reviewed canonical sequence.

>P02768|ALB
     1  MKWVTFISLL FLFSSAYSRG VFRRDAHKSE VAHRFKDLGE ENFKALVLIA FAQYLQQCPF
    61  EDHVKLVNEV TEFAKTCVAD ESAENCDKSL HTLFGDKLCT VATLRETYGE MADCCAKQEP
   121  ERNECFLQHK DDNPNLPRLV RPEVDVMCTA FHDNEETFLK KYLYEIARRH PYFYAPELLF
   181  FAKRYKAAFT ECCQAADKAA CLLPKLDELR DEGKASSAKQ RLKCASLQKF GERAFKAWAV
   241  ARLSQRFPKA EFAEVSKLVT DLTKVHTECC HGDLLECADD RADLAKYICE NQDSISSKLK
   301  ECCEKPLLEK SHCIAEVEND EMPADLPSLA ADFVESKDVC KNYAEAKDVF LGMFLYEYAR
   361  RHPDYSVVLL LRLAKTYETT LEKCCAAADP HECYAKVFDE FKPLVEEPQN LIKQNCELFE
   421  QLGEYKFQNA LLVRYTKKVP QVSTPTLVEV SRNLGKVGSK CCKHPEAKRM PCAEDYLSVV
   481  LNQLCVLHEK TPVSDRVTKC CTESLVNRRP CFSALEVDET YVPKEFNAET FTFHADICTL
   541  SEKERQIKKQ TALVELVKHK PKATKEQLKA VMDDFAAFVE KCCKADDKET CFAEEGKKLV
   601  AASQAALGL

LocalizationUniProt · AlphaFold · HPA

Whether an antibody against ALB can act on the native protein depends on physical access: surface and secreted proteins are reachable by circulating antibodies, intracellular proteins usually are not.

Antibody reachability

Secreted

Secreted

Yes

Transmembrane segments

0

Mean surface accessibility (rSASA)

0.26

Highest tissue expression

198,524 nTPM

Expression across tissuesHPA

DiseaseUniProt · ClinVar · IEDB · PubMed

Four sources answering four different questions about ALB.

Disease | AllUniProt

Conditions ALB is implicated in, by any mechanism.

• Hyperthyroxinemia, familial dysalbuminemic (FDAH) MIM:615999
• Analbuminemia (ANALBA) MIM:616000

Disease | GeneticClinVar

20 pathogenic / likely-pathogenic of 236 ClinVar records.

Conditions with pathogenic or likely-pathogenic variants.

• Analbuminemia
• Alloalbuminemia
• Hyperthyroxinemia, familial dysalbuminemic
• ALBUMIN B
• Analbuminemia Baghdad

Disease | ImmuneIEDB

Conditions an epitope on ALB was assayed in.

• rheumatoid arthritis B cell
• allergic disease T cell
• hepatocellular carcinoma T cell
• cow milk allergy T cell

Disease | AutoantibodyPubMed

Conditions in which antibodies against ALB are reported. Each links to that disease's full target list.

• Liver Cirrhosis 6
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 4
• Hepatitis B 4
• Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic 4
• Arthritis, Rheumatoid 3
• Hepatitis, Chronic 3

ReferencesPubMed · IEDB

Publications for ALB from three distinct lines of evidence, kept separate because they answer different questions: whether antibodies are directed at the protein, whether a B-cell epitope has been mapped on it, and whether a T-cell epitope has. Each is labelled with its source.

Sources: PubMed — antigen-level antibody evidence from a custom retrieval. Records matching a controlled set of autoantibody terms (the MeSH descriptors Autoantibodies and Autoantigens, with title and abstract term variants) were obtained through NCBI E-utilities, and their titles and abstracts parsed for constructions that direct an antibody at a named protein rather than for co-occurrence. Captured names were resolved against UniProt nomenclature and each antigen adjudicated individually against the source text. IEDB — curated epitope assays from the Immune Epitope Database (Vita et al., Nucleic Acids Research 2019). Bibliographic records from PubMed and MeSH, U.S. National Library of Medicine; citation metrics from NIH iCite (Hutchins et al., PLoS Biology 2016). Titles link to PubMed; abstracts are not reproduced here. The NLM does not endorse this analysis.

Genetic constraint and essentialitygnomAD · DepMap

Does the body need this protein intact? Low LOEUF or a strong DepMap dependency means loss or blockade of the protein is likely to be felt.

gnomAD LOEUF (loss-of-function intolerance)

0.39

gnomAD pLI

0.64

gnomAD missense Z

0.66

DepMap mean gene effect

0.11

DepMap dependency class

none

Cancer expressionTCGA

Across TCGA tumor cohorts, this protein is over-expressed in roughly 2% of surveyed tumor types (aggregate summary; per-cohort expression, alteration, and survival load in the interactive view).

OntologyGO

Biological processes

• bilirubin transport
• cellular response to calcium ion starvation
• cellular response to starvation
• negative regulation of mitochondrial depolarization
• response to nutrient levels

Molecular functions

• antioxidant activity
• copper ion binding
• DNA binding
• enterobactin binding
• exogenous protein binding
• fatty acid binding
• identical protein binding
• molecular carrier activity
• protein-folding chaperone binding
• pyridoxal phosphate binding
• toxic substance binding

Cellular components

• blood microparticle
• endoplasmic reticulum
• endoplasmic reticulum lumen
• extracellular exosome
• extracellular region
• extracellular space
• Golgi apparatus
• nucleus
• platelet alpha granule lumen
• protein-containing complex

Protein domainsUniProt · Pfam · InterPro

• ALB/AFP/VDB
• Serum albumin, N-terminal
• Serum albumin, conserved site
• Serum albumin-like
• Serum albumin/Alpha-fetoprotein/Afamin
• Serum albumin family

KeywordsUniProt

• Calcium
• Cleavage on pair of basic residues
• Copper
• Disulfide bond
• Glycation
• Glycoprotein
• Lipid-binding
• Metal-binding
• Methylation
• Phosphoprotein
• Repeat
• Secreted
• Signal
• Zinc

InteractionsUniProt · HPA

Protein binding partners of ALB in the human serome: UniProt-annotated complex subunits plus reported interactors. Each links to its own Seroatlas record.

• FCGRT
• TASOR
• LRP2