Seroatlas · Human Serome Atlas

SST

Somatostatin

Also known as: SMS_HUMAN, SMST, SST1

Cross-references: UniProt · Ensembl · Human Protein Atlas · GeneCards · NCBI Gene

Protein identityUniProt · HPA

UniProt accession: P61278
Gene: SST
Ensembl: ENSG00000157005
Chromosome: 3
Canonical length: 116 aa
Protein class: Cancer-related genes, Plasma proteins, Predicted secreted proteins
Secretome location: Secreted to blood

OverviewNCBI Gene

The hormone somatostatin has active 14 aa and 28 aa forms that are produced by alternate cleavage of the single preproprotein encoded by this gene. Somatostatin is expressed throughout the body and inhibits the release of numerous secondary hormones by binding to high-affinity G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors. This hormone is an important regulator of the endocrine system through its interactions with pituitary growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and most hormones of the gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin also affects rates of neurotransmission in the central nervous system and proliferation of both normal and tumorigenic cells. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

Canonical amino-acid sequenceUniProt

116 residues, UniProt reviewed canonical sequence.

>P61278|SST
     1  MLSCRLQCAL AALSIVLALG CVTGAPSDPR LRQFLQKSLA AAAGKQELAK YFLAELLSEP
    61  NQTENDALEP EDLSQAAEQD EMRLELQRSA NSNPAMAPRE RKAGCKNFFW KTFTSC

LocalizationUniProt · AlphaFold · HPA

Whether an antibody against SST can act on the native protein depends on physical access: surface and secreted proteins are reachable by circulating antibodies, intracellular proteins usually are not.

Antibody reachability: Secreted
Secreted: Yes
Transmembrane segments: 0
Mean surface accessibility (rSASA): 0.55
Highest tissue expression: 622 nTPM

Expression across tissuesHPA

Tissue

hypothalamus: 622 nTPM
pancreas: 480 nTPM
stomach: 417 nTPM
duodenum: 364 nTPM
basal ganglia: 279 nTPM
cerebral cortex: 160 nTPM

Single-cell type

pancreatic islet cells: 8,516 nCPM
neuroendocrine cells: 3,600 nCPM
other brain neurons: 142 nCPM
brain inhibitory neurons: 109 nCPM
adrenal medulla cells: 64 nCPM
enteric stem cells: 55 nCPM

Immune cell

basophil: 0 nTPM
classical monocyte: 0 nTPM
eosinophil: 0 nTPM
gdT-cell: 0 nTPM
intermediate monocyte: 0 nTPM
MAIT T-cell: 0 nTPM

Brain region

hypothalamus: 1000 nTPM
spinal cord: 311 nTPM
medulla oblongata: 199 nTPM
cerebral cortex: 198 nTPM
basal ganglia: 125 nTPM
amygdala: 122 nTPM

ReferencesPubMed · IEDB

Publications for SST from three distinct lines of evidence, kept separate because they answer different questions: whether antibodies are directed at the protein, whether a B-cell epitope has been mapped on it, and whether a T-cell epitope has. Each is labelled with its source.

Reference: AutoantibodyPubMed

4 publications

Separate autoantibodies to human pancreatic glucagon and somatostatin cells.
1976 · Lancet · RCR 1.8 · 57 citations
[Anti-somatostatin autoantibodies in the blood serum of patients with schizophrenia].
1990 · Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova · RCR 0.1 · 2 citations
[Anti-insulin, proinsulin, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon and somatostatin antibodies in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus treated with conventional insulin preparations].
1987 · Endokrynol Pol
Production of a monoclonal antibody 14A20 that reacts with a 220-kDa protein in the islet cells.
1994 · Diabetes Res Clin Pract

Sources: PubMed — antigen-level antibody evidence from a custom retrieval. Records matching a controlled set of autoantibody terms (the MeSH descriptors Autoantibodies and Autoantigens, with title and abstract term variants) were obtained through NCBI E-utilities, and their titles and abstracts parsed for constructions that direct an antibody at a named protein rather than for co-occurrence. Captured names were resolved against UniProt nomenclature and each antigen adjudicated individually against the source text. Bibliographic records from PubMed and MeSH, U.S. National Library of Medicine; citation metrics from NIH iCite (Hutchins et al., PLoS Biology 2016). Titles link to PubMed; abstracts are not reproduced here. The NLM does not endorse this analysis.

Genetic constraint and essentialitygnomAD · DepMap

Does the body need this protein intact? Low LOEUF or a strong DepMap dependency means loss or blockade of the protein is likely to be felt.

gnomAD LOEUF (loss-of-function intolerance): 1.06
gnomAD pLI: 0.34
gnomAD missense Z: 0.63
DepMap mean gene effect: 0.1
DepMap dependency class: selective

Cancer expressionTCGA

Across TCGA tumor cohorts, this protein is over-expressed in roughly 2% of surveyed tumor types (aggregate summary; per-cohort expression, alteration, and survival load in the interactive view).

OntologyGO

Biological processes

Molecular functions

hormone activity

Cellular components

Protein domainsUniProt · Pfam · InterPro

KeywordsUniProt

Antibody and autoantibody relevanceSeroatlas analysis

Seroatlas reads SST as an antibody target. Whether an autoantibody or antibody against SST could matter depends on whether native SST is physically reachable, whether the body needs it intact, and whether it acts in a disease-relevant tissue.

SST is annotated as secreted, so native SST circulates and is directly accessible to antibodies. Secreted and cell-surface proteins are the autoantibody targets most likely to act like drugs, blocking or depleting the native protein.

Annotation status

The present source text does not explicitly label SST as an autoantigen. Seroatlas presents hypothesis context only and does not manufacture a known-serology claim.

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